Biofeedback Therapy: A Proven Treatment for 16+ Medical Conditions

Various forms of biofeedback therapy — performed using certain muscle relaxation, breath and mental exercises — are now being proven in numerous studies to treat more than a dozen health conditions.

But how does this mind-body intervention work? At its roots, biofeedback therapy helps reduce a wide range of symptoms by lowering sympathetic arousal. Through identifying and changing certain mental activities and physical reactions, biofeedback trains patients to help regulate their own unconscious bodily processes and better control their stress response. Biofeedback therapy acts as a natural painkiller and a natural headache remedy, among other things.

Some experts use the metaphor of “learning to putt a golf ball” to describe how biofeedback works. As someone practices putting and seeing where the ball goes, the feedback helps to improve their next stroke. In biofeedback, a patient follows measurements of their physiological responses — and as they move in a healthier direction, positive reinforcement and learning take place.

After reviewing more than 60 studies related to biofeedback, The Institute of Psychiatry at King’s College London described biofeedback therapy as a “non-invasive, effective psycho-physiological intervention for psychiatric disorders,” concluding that over 80 percent of studies reported some level of clinical decrease in symptoms as a result of biofeedback exposure. (1) According to their research, biofeedback interventions have been used successfully to treat common disorders including anxiety, autism, depression, eating disorders and schizophrenia.

But biofeedback therapies aren’t just useful for managing mental disorders — they’re also becoming more common in the treatment of injury recovery and chronic pain. Because therapists now offer several different biofeedback modalities, experts recommend patients try multiple bio-regulating approaches during their sessions. This has been shown to be most effective in significantly reducing symptoms.

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What Is Biofeedback?

Biofeedback therapy is a type of training program with the goal of teaching patients to control involuntary physiological processes — meaning those that are both mental and physical — that contribute to painful symptoms and distress. A report published in Mental Health in Family Medicine words the biofeedback definition as “a mind–body technique in which individuals learn how to modify their physiology for the purpose of improving physical, mental, emotional and spiritual health.” (2)

Biofeedback therapy is sometimes used to manage high blood pressure, muscle pain or tension, anxiety, IBS symptoms and insomnia. What do so many of these health problems have in common? They’re triggered, or at least made worse by, chronic stress. For that reason, some experts believe that biofeedback is beneficial and able improve overall health and wellness because it’s effective as a natural stress relieving technique.

How Does Biofeedback Therapy Work?

Here’s an overview of what you can expect from a biofeedback therapy session:

• A trained biofeedback therapist first takes an assessment of a patient’s condition, usually by performing several tests. These tests help the practitioner determine how their symptoms might be minimized by learning to manipulate involuntary physical and mental behaviors.
• Biofeedback requires specialized equipment. A biofeedback machine converts physiological signals (like heartbeats and brainwaves) into meaningful information that the patient can understand. The types of tests that are frequently used in biofeedback therapies are those that measure skin temperature, heart rate, muscle tension and brainwave activities. Biofeedback machines that are used to performed these tests include skin surface scans, electromyography and MRI brain scans. (3)
• Currently, the most popular type of biofeedback therapy performed by doctors is called “electroencephalographic neurofeedback.” Anxiety disorders are the number one type of health problem treated through this biofeedback training, although other popular uses include pain management. In many biofeedback settings, small electrodes are attached to a patient’s skin. This sends feedback to a visible monitor, tracking and displaying the patient’s physiological symptoms.
• Because sessions require active patient participation, biofeedback therapy is somewhat similar to certain aspects of physical therapy (PT). Like PT, biofeedback training usually involves practicing at home between sessions, includes some trial and error to determine what works best and requires patience on the part of the patient.
• Most biofeedback therapy sessions take about 30 to 60 minutes. The typical course of treatment usually lasts two to three months in order to provide the most benefits. Some patients, however, choose to participate in biofeedback therapy for much longer, sometimes even for years. The goal is for the patient to be able to practice self-regulation techniques that they’ve learned from their therapist on their own, even after formal sessions end and the monitoring machines are no longer used.

Who Benefits from Biofeedback Therapy?

Psychologists and sports trainers have been using biofeedback for decades. Cleveland Clinic is in the midst of a large study looking at expanding the use of biofeedback to three populations of patients in need — those with coronary artery disease, diabetes and multiple sclerosis. Research continues to mount in favor of using biofeedback to improve these patients’ quality of life.

Conditions that are commonly treated with biofeedback therapies now include:

• Chronic pain
• Muscle tension or spasms
• Urinary incontinence (frequent urges to urinate)
• High blood pressure (hypertension)
• Tension or migraine headaches
• TMJ symptoms (temporomandibular joint dysfunction)
• Trouble sleeping or insomnia
• Digestive symptoms including constipation, IBS and diarrhea
• Anxiety and depression
• Eating disorders
• ADHD and autism spectrum disorders
• Epilepsy
• Cancer recovery
• Heart disease
• And just about any other condition made worse by stress

Those who could especially benefit from biofeedback training include:

• Anyone undergoing conventional treatment without a response
• People who are intolerant to medications or contraindicated
• Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding
• Patients who value self‐control and being involved in their own therapy

6 Benefits of Biofeedback Therapy

1. Reduces Headaches

Because it can lower someone’s stress response, clinical studies shown that biofeedback is effective in reducing the frequency and severity of tension and migraine headaches. One study published by Harvard Medical School found that biofeedback training allowed many patients to decrease their dependence on pain medications and to experience less pain overall. (Although researchers also found similar benefits from teaching patients general relaxation techniques alone without additional using biofeedback.)

Patients in the Harvard study also learned pain theories regarding relaxation techniques. A portion also went through additional education about biofeedback training. All patients showed a statistically significant decrease in the frequency and severity of the headaches in the first 12 months;  that benefit continued for 36 months. Both groups also reported lower medication use and less medical care costs. (4)

2. Helps Treat Constipation

Biofeedback therapy is considered a well-established treatment modality for patients with several forms of chronic constipation (including dyssynergic defecation and fecal incontinence). Randomized controlled trials have found that 70 to 80 percent of all patients undergoing specialized biofeedback training in treatment centers experience improvements in symptoms. (5a)

Therapists now use biofeedback to help teach patients suffering from reoccurring constipation to better sense and control muscles in their digestive system that are related to bowel movements. For example, impaired rectal sensation and poor ability to squeeze muscles in the abdomen are both corrected using biofeedback maneuvers. Although barriers to biofeedback still exist within the general population (including lack of insurance coverage, distance to local treatment facilities and acute medical issues), researchers continue to work on improving ways to offer biofeedback therapy in an affordable manner to those with serious digestive complaints.

Another study found that both home-based and office-based biofeedback therapy were effective for the “number of complete spontaneous bowel movements per week as well as patient satisfaction with bowel function.” (5b) Research such as this shows the potential to broaden the availability of biofeedback therapy through home sessions without disrupting efficacy.

3. Reduces Anxiety

Biofeedback helps to make patients more aware of how their thoughts, feelings and behaviors all interact. This is why it’s frequently used in conjunction with other therapies, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), or mindfulness meditation training, to reduce someone’s stress response.

As opposed to some forms of treatment, such as medications, biofeedback therapy is a process of training. Biofeedback therapists teach patients to pay more attention to the ways stress impacts the body. For example, anxiety causes someone’s heart rate to speed up, muscles to tense and the mind to worry. This, in turn, makes sleep and relaxation difficult. Through purposefully tracking symptoms and learning over and over again to reduce them using feedback as a guide, relaxation becomes better enforced.

4. Lowers Chronic & Short-Term Pain

Finding non-pharmacological techniques for controlling both short-term (acute) and chronic pain is now becoming more important than ever, given how much attention has been given to the potential for addiction of pain-killing drugs.

One type of biofeedback, neurofeedback (also known as EEG-biofeedback), is being used in many treatment settings as an alternative method for pain reduction. It’s being used for things like management of strokes, post-traumatic events, headaches, injuries, chronic muscle tension, diabetic neuropathic pain and cancer recovery. Some evidence shows that it takes about 40 to 60 training sessions to achieve the most benefits. Some studies show this amount can result in up to 50 percent less pain depending on the condition. Thankfully, studies suggest it’s useful in both children and adults. (6)

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5. Can Aid in Improving Heart Health

Studies suggest that biofeedback therapy helps improve control over heart rate variability and arousal of the sympathetic nervous system. This neuro-cardio combo is responsible for many of the physical effects of someone’s stress response. Biofeedback training is also important in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases complications including anxiety, trouble sleeping and depression.

One form of biofeedback known as biofeedback-assisted stress management (BFSM) is especially geared towards managing cardiovascular diseases. It aim to lower over-activation of the autonomic nervous system. (Over-activation can negatively affect the heart.) This therapy model could reduce psychologic stress, improve quality of life and improve clinical status in people with heart disease. A 2011 study published in the Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine suggests that use of BFSM by heart failure patients may actually cause cellular and molecular remodeling of the failing heart, change abnormal heart rate variability and have a positive impact on side effects due to suffering from a serious chronic disease. (7)

6. Reduces Hyperarousal & Trouble Sleeping

Electroencephalography (EEG) feedback is now commonly used to control symptoms of hyperarousal, including insomnia and ADHD symptoms. (Hyperarousal is a class of symptoms that often impact people living with PTSD.)

Research conducted in 2011 by the Department of Psychophysiology at Helfgott Research Institute in Oregon found that two forms of neurofeedback treatments (sensorimotor protocol and a sequential, quantitative EEG model) successfully demonstrated usefulness for treating insomnia symptoms.  After undergoing 20 15-minute biofeedback sessions, both groups experienced significant decreases in dysfunctional symptoms like daytime sleepiness and hyperarrousal during the night. The study participants also reported significant improvements in scores on several insomnia measurement scales (Insomnia Severity Index,  Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory , PSQI Sleep Efficiency Test, and Quality of Life Inventory). (8)

History of Biofeedback Therapy & Interesting Facts

Biofeedback has been in clinical use since at least the 1970s to help improve self-control of physiological functions. Biofeedback machines have come a long way, but for at least four decades, biofeedback learning has focused on tracking brainwaves, muscle tension, temperature, sleep and the cardiovascular system. (9)

The National Institute of Complementary and Alternative Medicine considers biofeedback to be an effective mind–body therapy. Surveys now show that in the U.S alone, approximately 38 percent of adults and 12 percent of children are using some form alternative therapy that draws on principles of biofeedback training. (10) For example, meditation training, yoga, self-imagery practices and deep breathing exercises all include elements of learning through feedback and reinforcement.

Biofeedback vs. Neurofeedback

• Neurofeedback is one specific type of biofeedback therapy. In fact, in the U.S, it’s currently the most widely available and popular form of biofeedback training.
• Electroencephalography (EEG) feedback is another way to refer to “neurofeedback.” Neurofeedback is basically a type of biofeedback that measures brain waves (electrical brain activity) using an electroencephalogram, or EEG. (11)
• EEGs help measure how activity in different regions of the brain either increases or decreases depending on someone’s actions. This helps with training in self-regulation — and self-regulation allows for better control over one’s stress response stemming from activity of the central nervous system (specifically the autonomic nervous system).
• A key principle of neurofeedback is that electrical “oscillations” (such as theta waves or beta waves) influence awareness, arousal and ability to function — and that dysfunctional activities in certain key regions of the brain correlate with mental disorders.
• Like other forms of biofeedback, neurofeedback addresses problems that are made worse from stress and brain deregulation. These include: anxiety-depression spectrum disorders, attention deficits and behavioral disorders, sleep disorders, headaches and migraines, PMS and emotional disturbances.

How to Find a Good Biofeedback Therapist

The Association For Applied Psychophysiology & Biofeedback (AAPB) offers resources on its website to locate a biofeedback therapist in your area. The AAPB encourages patients to receive biofeedback training services from therapists who meet at least the minimum standards of knowledge, training and experience required to be certified by the Biofeedback Certification International Alliance (BCIA).

Keep these tips in mind when looking for a therapist:

• Many state licensing boards include the practice of biofeedback within training for professionals such as psychologists, physical therapists, nurses, physicians and social workers
• However, not everyone with one of these licenses will have extensive training or experience in providing biofeedback, so it’s always best to look for a recommendation and additional credentials, certifications, licenses, and so on
• Talk to a therapist before starting training; be sure to make sure the biofeedback type is best matched to treat your problem. The more a therapist knows about your medical history and symptoms, the likelier they are to utilize the most appropriate form of biofeedback and to combine sessions with other effective therapies that will help you.

Risks and Side Effects

• Because it involves taking no drugs, many consider biofeedback to be safer than conventional ways of treating disorders using medications. However, there are some potential concerns. And benefits may drastically vary depending on the individual patient.
• Side effects that some experience from biofeedback include: anxiety, brain fog, poor concentration, preoccupation with getting results, restlessness, fatigue and trouble sleeping. The reason some experience these effects is mostly due to changes in brain waves, uncovering emotions that can be hard to deal with and getting used to electrical adjustments. (12)
• Biofeedback might not work for every patient. Factors that influence how well a patient responds to biofeedback sessions include: severity of the condition, willingness to practice at home, specific brain waves being uptrained or downtrained,  experience of the professional, genetics, whether a person has multiple disorders and unknown preexisting neurological conditions.

Final Thoughts

• Biofeedback therapy is a mind-body modality that helps train people to consciously change their bodily sensations, reactions to thoughts, their stress response and certain electrical activities of the brain.
• Biofeedback therapy works by altering your awareness/consciousness of how your mind interacts with your body, adjusting states of arousal and improving ability to respond effectively to stress and mental activity.
• Health conditions that biofeedback therapy can help treat include anxiety, depression, insomnia, heart disease, pain ADHD. It even serves as a form of natural constipation remedy relief.